Annotated chess game

How can you be so naive after so much commenting on games? Anyway, wether you are familiar or not with the position, this is one of the most commen responses to d4. Please take a look at GK database.

Well... 2.c4 is not out of book in any way. Its probably the most common move here. And the game can still transpose into QGD: 2...e6 3.Nc3 d5.

This is the catalan system which is very popular in top level games

@jkarp Gruenfeld defense is an opening however I haven't seen the pawn on g3 before. Blacks main goal is usually to put pressure on the d4 square and have his bishop come to life on the h8-a1 diagonal.

The opening is a Neo-Grunfeld, which could also arise from the Catalan but has definite Grunfeld themes.

Then I assume you wanted to say that white has to fianchetto his DSB? And I wonder if this is called a fianchetto, there are no pawns around white's DSB?? ok, I always thought it had to do something with the pawns  

Maybe I am wrong but I think Fianchetto has nothing to with the pawns but the player develops the bishops on the wing aiming at the center

as compensation, white has two active bisschops and his a1 rook can easily take the open c-file

black should have played e6 before castling or Qa5

yes, but this move also puts pressure on d4 and it develops without losing tempo

I'm not sure this is the best square for the bishop because playing a move like e5 seems almost needed at some point.

or 13. ...Bg4