Annotated chess game

1.c4 is the English Opening, and your reply 1...e5 makes the game a Reversed Sicilian.

Never trust your opponent! Don't assume your opponent's moves are good or safe even if his rating is higher. That is why it is good not to know the opponent's rating. When a Grandmaster blundered a piece against a 2100 player, the 2100 player couldn't find a line to justify the blunder, but didn't take the piece since he thought that it must be a trap, and later lost. After the game the Grandmaster said that if the player had taken the piece, he would've resigned.

A bit passive, blocks the dark squared bishop.

(?!) If you don't plan to trade the bishop for the knight, don't pin if you fianchetto (or play P-N3) on the same side because you can't retreat with 6.h3 Bh5? because 7.g4 traps the bishop. If you retreat with 6.h3 Bf5, you get the same position as 5...Bf5 except white gets a free h3, which can be weak, but usually beneficial. And here trading the bishop for the knight is not good because it is your good bishop and because you should not give up the bishop-pair for nothing any more than you would give away a queen for nothing.

The recapture 7.gxf3 unnecessarily weakens the pawn structure, although it's not quite related to king safety. 7.Qxf3 also develops the queen.

This loosens your king, but it is fine because it cuts off the queen from the rest of the game.

Good move, but not a good idea. Your bishop is a very important defender of the otherwise weak dark squares in your kingside.

No... this trades off your important bishop and leaves your kingside extremely weak. Remember, don't move the same piece twice, before you move every piece once, unless there is a tactic.

Finally, but your dark squares are very weak because you traded off your bishop.

The 'guideline' that you that castle kingside is wrong. It completely depends on the position. Here this is a good move because although some pawns in of his king are pushed, it's very hard for you take advantage of that or attack his king. By castling on opposite wings, white will play h3-h4-h5xg6 and rip open your king cover, while you have no counterplay.

It's generally good to take away the bishop-pair from you opponent. No, material is not even because you have two knights for two bishops and that is a ½ pawn disadvantage.

White has misplayed the attack and now only has a small advantage.