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 Philosophy: World Masterpieces. |
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Beyond Good and Evil First published in 1886. Nietzsche's criticism on our moral values in society. His famous aphorisms come from this great philosophical work. |
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ribbleton 02-Aug-07, 07:22 |
On Liberty, John Stuart Mill Struggle between authority and liberty" describing the tyranny of government, which, in his view, needs to be controlled by the liberty of the citizen. He says, but "the people who exercise the power are not always the same people with those over whom it is exercised. Mill introduced the phrase the `tyranny of the majority`. Often majorities want to criminalise minority life styles and like Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, Mill saw the rise of national consciousness as this as the greatest threat to civilisation of his day and ours. "That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others." |
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Being and Time,Heidegger Type of work: Existential metaphysics First published: 1927. The world, existentially and phenomenologically understood, is a region of human concern; man is a being in the world, in that by participation and involvement the world becomes constituive of man's being. Man is a creature of concerns, in relation to enviroment, his concerns are practival; in relation to the communal world, his concerns are personal. The primary philospophical problem for Heidegger is the problem of being. His major philophical treatise, Being and Time constitutes an attempt at the formulation fo the basic questions and forms of analysis which are lead to a clarification of the meaning of the structure of Being. |
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ribbleton 03-Aug-07, 09:08 |
Relativity: The Special and General Theory 1916 Physicist, one of the most creative intellects in history, advanced a series of theories that proposed entirely new ways of thinking about space, time, matter and gravitation and revolutionised science and philosophy. Einstein also possessed a “passionate sense of social justice and social responsibility”, though his endeavours in this field were not as successful. Einstein published the highly readable Relativity: The Special and General Theory in 1916, written for the general public and without complex mathematics, and later published the The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity in which the approach he had developed in dealing with uniform motion was applied to accelerated motion. If you were falling in a lift, under the influence of gravity, then the appearance would be “weightlessness”, but you would be falling faster and faster, and despite the fact that you can see nothing other than the lift which is falling with you, you can feel the falling. In other words, not only are the laws of physics variant with respect to accelerated motion, but acceleration is interchangeable with a gravitational field. The mathematical tool which allowed Einstein to deal with the complexities of this analysis was Riemann's Tensor Calculus – a “solution waiting for a problem”. This allowed Einstein to express the fundamental laws of physics in an entirely new way. The “forces” which had dominated 18th and 19th century physics were no longer present – only forms of movement expressed in equations of incredible simplicity, from which Maxwell's and Newton's laws cold be derived as special cases. It was Minkowski who later showed that they also allowed for the conception of a “4-dimensional distance”, in which time figures as a 4-th dimension but only by combination with the square root of minus one! Thus arose the mind-bending conceptions of “curved space-time” |
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ribbleton 06-Aug-07, 10:15 |
Deleted by ribbleton on 06-Aug-07, 10:20.
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ribbleton 06-Aug-07, 10:19 |
Capital Volume 1 Marx, Karl (1818-1883) Source: First english edition of 1887 (4th German edition changes included as indicated); Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR; First Published: 1887; Translated: Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling — edited by Frederick Engels Karl Marx (1818-1883) is best known not as a philosopher but as a revolutionary communist, whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. It is hard to think of many who have had as much influence in the creation of the modern world. Trained as a philosopher, Marx turned away from philosophy in his mid-twenties, towards economics and politics. However, in addition to his overtly philosophical early work, his later writings have many points of contact with contemporary philosophical debates, especially in the philosophy of history and the social sciences, and in moral and political philosophy. Historical materialism — Marx's theory of history — is centered around the idea that forms of society rise and fall as they further and then impede the development of human productive power. Marx sees the historical process as proceeding through a necessary series of modes of production, culminating in communism. Marx's economic analysis of capitalism is based on his version of the labour theory of value, and includes the analysis of capitalist profit as the extraction of surplus value from the exploited proletariat. The analysis of history and economics come together in Marx's prediction of the inevitable breakdown of capitalism for economic reasons, to be replaced by communism. However Marx refused to speculate in detail about the nature of communism, arguing that it would arise through historical processes, and was not the realisation of a pre-determined moral theory. [ back to club forum | thread options ] |
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tzafondakota 08-Aug-07, 10:00 |
Rawls |
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ribbleton 10-Aug-07, 10:38 |
Deleted by ribbleton on 10-Aug-07, 10:43.
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ribbleton 10-Aug-07, 10:43 |
Jean-Paul Sartre `Being and Nothingness` 1943 Sartre influenced by Heidegger's major work, Being and Time (1927), which analyzes the concepts of "care," "mood," and the individual's relationship to death, relates authenticity of being as well as the anguish of modern society to the individual's confrontation with his own temporality. Sartre following on from the aforementioned developed a deep yearning for freedom and a concomitant sense of responsibility. While one is never free of their situation, Sartre felt, "in the end one is always responsible for what is made of one." |
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The Analects, by Confucius. Type of work: Ethics,poitical philosophy, epistemology. Fist transcribed : Late sixth or early fifth century B.C. Principals ideas: Jen, the ideal ralationship among human beings, is the perfect virtue of men. Man is basically close to Jen by his very nature, but his action should be controlle by Li the rules of propriety. The chun-tzu, or the ideal man, is one who practices jen in accordance with li; consequently, he treasures and seek tao, the right way. Jen is the foundation of Confucian ethcis becuase jen stands for the ideal relationship among human beings. |
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ribbleton 11-Aug-07, 07:50 |
Anarchy, State, and Utopia So what do we mean by `moral luck? Luck is a pervasive feature of human life and appears to arise in four main ways First, the outcomes of our actions are affected by luck (resultant luck). Some years ago it may have seemed prudent to take a degree in computer science; someone who did so and completed a course just before the IT bubble burst unforeseeably may rightly see his ensuing unemployment as bad resultant luck. Second, the circumstances in which one acts introduce luck (circumstantial luck). A person who is offered proper incentives and plenty of time to deliberate may make a wiser decision than he would under less favorable conditions; it may be by accident that he finds himself in the favorable conditions and hence makes the wiser decision. Third, luck affects the kind of person you are (constitutive luck). Genetically, some people are at greater risk of cancer through smoking than others, and because of this it makes sense to say that some smokers are lucky to avoid cancer. Finally, there is luck in the way one's actions are determined by antecedent circumstances (antecedent causal luck). Children who grow up in a stimulating environment perhaps become more motivated than they would in a duller setting; yet children rarely determine the time and place in which they are raised. When we add up resultant, circumstantial, constitutive, and antecedent causal luck, the area of life that is free of luck seems to shrink “to an extensionless point” |
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Ethics Type of work: Ethics,Theology. His principal ideas: Whatever is the cause of itself exist necessarily. Only substance is self caused, free and infinite; and God is the only substance. God exists necessarily, and is possessed of infinite attributes. But only two of God's infinite attributes are known to us; thought and extension. Spinoza "Ethics" discuss God's or substance in having infinite attributes. each one expresses eternal and infinite essence. God necessarily exists and excludes the existence of anything else not part of it. Whatever is , is in God, and nothing can either be or be conceived without God. Spinoza's famous doctrine of the infinite attributes of God is easy proof against the simple label of Pantheism. In Book I, thought is only one of God's infinite attributes, so that although he is a personal being in some sense, he is only in part. In Book II, Spinoza begins to trace the nature and origen of the mind, one of the infinite things which necessarily follow from the nature of God. |
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Wittgenstein a book where Wittgenstein tries to find the boundaries of meaningful propositions. The rest and more important speach one has to be silent of (in philosophy) Philosophic Investigations where he tries to find legitimations for other kinds of speach (as one of the topics). Meaning does not exist in itself (in a word, or more precise in a piece of language, expression, but develops itself through the context wherein it appears) |
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Plato an ode to Eros and the secret to the cure of the hiccup Apology of Socrates simply a masterpiece and the only monologue of Socrates |
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ribbleton 06-Apr-08, 09:15 |
Wittgenstein's Tractatus |
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gamblingpawn 26-Apr-08, 08:11 |
Philosophy: World Masterpieces The Anti-Christ - Friedrich Nietzsche |
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The Courage to be, by Paul Tillich Type of work: Ontology,ethics. First published: 1952. Principal Ideas: Considered from the ethical point of view,courage in a man is a sign of his caring something enough to decide and to act despite opposition: considered in terms of its effects (ontologically), courage is the self affirmation of one's being. These point of view are united in the conception as the self affirmation of one's being in the presence of the threat of non-being. |
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Phaedo : Plato Author: Plato (427-347 B.C.) The Phaedo (named after the narrator in the dialogue) is Plato's literary and philosophical monument to the death, and to the life, of his master, Socrates. Principal Ideas: The philosopher is always pursing death, for the body hinders the soul's search for knowledge, and death would bring a separation of body and soul. The philosopher attempts to acquire knowledge of the Ideas--those eternal forms which are copied by individual ideas. Surely, the soul survives the death of the body, for opposites are generated out of the opposites and life is the opposite of death. We recoolect the Ideas we encountered before our birth. |
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Zen Buddhism: Daisetz T. Suzuki Zen is a way of life. The truth comes through active meditation. Zen does not rely on the intellect, the Scripture or the written word; but to a direct pointing to the soul of man, seeing into one's nature. |
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Phenomenology of the Spirit His most widely discussed philosophical work. Published in 1807. The various shapes of spirit as station on the way thorough which spirit becomes pure knowledge. |
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Francis Bacon Treatise on empirical philosophy Published in 1620 Subjects: Philosophy and Science |
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Summa Thelogica : Thomas Aquinas His master work known as the Summa, is a theological reasoning approach to the Christian Faith. It was published in 1411 and the English translation cane in early 20th century. Aquinas was born in 1225. He was canonized in the 1374. |
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Treatise of Human Nature Published in 1739. Considered to be Hume best work and one of the most influential works in the History of Philosophy. |
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Grammatology The book has been called a foundational criticism. Written in 1967. |
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What is Philosophy Jose Ortega y Gasset. Questions about Metaphysics, Art, Politics. The Nature of Ideas. |
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Dialogues concerning Natural Religion 1779. Hume 's concern on the nature of the existence of God. The dialogues are represented by three Philosophers. |
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The Science of Knowledge 1794-1795. Divided in eleven sections, Fitche emphasizes on the grounds of Epistemology. The experiencer must experience. Fitche was a vivid reader of Kant. Also Fitche influenced on Novalis, Schopenhauer, Hegel, Heidegger, among others. |
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Total Freedom By Krishnamurti. Collections of his experiences and Modern thinking. Among the great thinkers of the 20th Century |
